There are many ways of expressing concentrations and dilution.

Serial Vs Parallel Dilution Method
Serial Vs Parallel Dilution Method Calculator
Serial Vs Parallel Communication

Parallelism is defined as an established parallel relationship between a dose-response curve from a study sample dilution series and a curve from a calibration standard series, with no difference among back-calculated concentrations for multiple dilutions of a study sample. As of the issuance of this guideline, domestic and international.
Serial Vs Parallel Dilution SECOND: Also use a serial dilution when the dilution factor is so large that the amount of stock solution needed to make the dilution in one step (using the formula C 1V 1 = C 2V 2) is too small to measure accurately. Remember that the smallest volume you can measure with the micropipettors is 2 μL.

Using C₁V₁ = C₂V₂

Serial Dilution Vs Parallel Dilution Worksheet. How To Make Serial Dilutions. Serial Dilution Or Parallel Dilution. Parallel dilution is the dilution of a solution with equalquantity of the same solvent with which the solution is made. Cutting plotter 720 driver download. E.g.,1mL of 100µg/ml strength aqueous solution can be diluted to 2mL of50µg/mL strength solution by adding.

To make a fixed amount of a dilute solution from a stock solution, you can use the formula: C₁V₁ = C₂V₂ where:

V₁ = Volume of stock solution needed to make the new solution
C₁ = Concentration of stock solution
V₂ = Final volume of new solution
C₂ = Final concentration of new solution
Example: Make 5 mL of a 0.25 M solution from a 1 M solution
Formula: C₁V₁ = C₂V₂
Plug values in: (V₁)(1 M) = (5 mL)(0.25 M)
Rearrange: V₁ = [(5 mL)(0.25 M)] / (1 M)V₁ = 1.25 mL
Answer: Place 1.25 mL of the 1 M solution into V₁-V₂ = 5 mL – 1.25 mL = 3.75 mL of diluent

Using Dilution Factors

To make a dilute solution without calculating concentrations, you can rely on a derivation of the above formula:
(Final Volume / Solute Volume) = Dilution Factor (can also be used with mass)

This way of expressing a dilution as a ratio of the parts of solute to the total number of parts is common in biology. The dilution factor (DF) can be used alone or as the denominator of the fraction, for example, a DF of 10 means a 1:10 dilution, or 1 part solute + 9 parts diluent, for a total of 10 parts. This is different than a “dilution ratio,” which typically refers to a ratio of the parts of solute to the parts of solvent, for example, a 1:9 using the previous example. Dilution factors are related to dilution ratios in that the DF equals the parts of solvent + 1 part.

Example: Make 300 μL of a 1:250 dilution
Formula: Final Volume / Solute Volume = DF
Plug values in: (300 μL) / Solute Volume = 250
Rearrange: Solute Volume = 300 μL / 250 = 1.2 μL
Answer: Place 1.2 μL of the stock solution into 300 μL – 1.2 μL = 298.8 μL diluent

Serial Vs Parallel Dilution Method

Step Dilutions

If the dilution factor is larger than the final volume needed, or the amount of stock is too small to be pipetted, one or more intermediary dilutions may be required. Use the formula: Final DF = DF1 * DF2 * DF3 etc., to choose your step dilutions such that their product is the final dilution.

Example: Make only 300 μL of a 1:1000 dilution, assuming the smallest volume you can pipette is 2 μL
Choose step DFs: Need a total dilution factor of 1000. Let’s do a 1:10 followed by a 1:100 (10 * 100 = 1000)
Formula: Final Volume / Solute Volume = DF
Plug values in: (300 μL) / Solute Volume = 10
Rearrange: Solute Volume = 300 μL / 10 = 30 μL
Answer: Perform a 1:10 dilution that makes at least 30 μL (e.g. 4 μL solute into 36 μL diluent), then move 30 μL of the mixed 1:10 into 300 μL – 3 μL = 297 μL diluent to perform the 1:100 dilution

Serial Vs Parallel Dilution Method Calculator

Serial Dilutions

Serial Vs Parallel Communication

A dilution series is a succession of step dilutions, each with the same dilution factor, where the diluted material of the previous step is used to make the subsequent dilution. This is how standard curves for ELISA can be made. To make a dilution series, use the following formulas:

Serial vs parallel dilution method definition

Move Volume = Final Volume / (DF -1)
Diluent Volume = Final Volume – Move Volume
Total Mixing Volume = Diluent Volume + Move Volume
Example 1: Make a 7-point 1:3 standard curve, starting Neat, such that you can pipette duplicates of 50 μL per well
Calculations:
- Calculate the minimum diluent volume per step: 50 μL per well * 2 for duplicates = 100 μL minimum. Add extra volume to compensate for pipetting error, for example, 20 μL, which brings our desired Diluent Volume to 120 μL
- Calculate Move Volume: Move Volume = 120 μL / (3-1) = 60 μL
- Calculate Total Mixing Volume: Total Mixing Volume = 120 μL + 60 μL = 180 μL
Answer:
- Prepare the first point of the standard curve, which is 180 μL of Neat standard
- Prepare the diluent for the rest of the points, or six aliquots of 120 μL of diluent
- Move 60 μL of the first point into the second and mix thoroughly, move 60 μL of that into the next, and so on

Example 2: Make a 7-point 1:2 standard curve, starting at a 1:5, such that you can pipette duplicates of 50 μL per well
Calculations:
- Calculate minimum diluent volume per step: 50 μL per well * 2 for duplicates = 100 μL minimum. Add extra volume to compensate for pipetting error, for example, 20 μL, which brings our desired Diluent Volume to 120 μL
- Calculate Move Volume: Move Volume = 120 μL / (2-1) = 120 μL
- Calculate Total Mixing volume: Total Mixing Volume = 120 μL + 120 μL = 240 μL
- Calculate first point dilution volumes: you need 240 μL of a 1:5
Answer:
- Prepare the first point of the standard curve, which is a 1:5, so pipette (240 μL /5) = 48 μL solute into 192 μL diluent
- Prepare the diluent for the rest of the points, or six aliquots of 120 μL of diluent
- Move 120 μL of the first point into the second and mix thoroughly, move 60 μL of that into the next, and so on